Job crafting is an important concept in the field of management. Employees often look for altering their tasks to achieve the desired results. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between job crafting and the job performance of employees through an explanatory role of work engagement. An employee dedicated to his job is open to practicing job crafing, and ultimately develops the task and contextual performance of the employee. This study is cross-sectional in nature and data was collected from IT sector specifically software houses employees from Pakistan using standard questionnaires. A total of 350 questionnaires was distributed electronically, and 300 valid questionnaire responses are used for data analysis purposes. A random sampling technique is adopted to collect data from software house employees. SPSS version 20 software was used for preliminary data analysis and Smart PLS 3 was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Results revealed that the relationship between job crafing and job performance is significant and work engagement partially mediates their relationship. A significant implication for practitioners here is that improvement in job performance of employees requires a bottom-up approach of JC in the organizations. Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) serves as a torch bearer in this study. 

Studies that address the issues of statistical measurement, algorithms and methods of analysis and assessment of the science impact on country’s socio-economic development are still poorly developed. The degree of research in this area, taking into account the Kazakh specifics, is extremely low. Aim of this study is to research the assessment methods of science impact on the country’s social and economic development and conduct an appropriate assessment using the example of Kazakhstan. The conceptual framework of the methodology is the Impact Assessment Model that assesses the science impact on the development of the country through input (science development) and output (social and economic development) parameters. The information base includes the statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics for the period from 2011 to 2020. The research results show that the assessment of the science impact can be performed at different levels, as well as different goals, objectives, technological trajectories and economic results that countries strive to achieve. There are index and econometric methods, microeconomic, case studies, patent and bibliometric studies and surveys to assess the science impact. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Today the potential of Kazakhstani science has not yet been revealed and the results of scientific research are used not enough in solving applied problems of the social and economic development of Kazakhstan. The scientific results obtained in the research course can be applied in the activities of Kazakhstani Ministries and can be used in the educational process.

The relevance of this study is due to the fact that at present ethno-tourism is one of the most promising and popular areas in the world tourism market. The study’s main purpose is to review and compare tourism development theories in terms of the main drivers of ethnо-tourism development. This article examines the theory of the ethnо-tourism concept development, its definitions and distinctive elements, and the relationship between this type of tourism and ethnicity and cultural heritage. The authors compared the concept of ethnо-tourism with cultural and ethnographic tourism, then revealed a strong tie between these concepts. In addition, the study examined the primary and secondary importance of cultural tourism and ethnо-tourism for tourists. A systematic literature review was conducted in June 2022 based on two databases - ISI Web of Science and Scopus, the selected results were analyzed according to common characteristics and attributes: geographical location; assessment methods used in the article. According to the analyzed scientific papers, it was revealed that ethno-tourism research is gaining popularity in Asian countries, and comprehensive research methods are widely used. In addition, this study emphasized the need for collaboration of tourists and local residents in organizing ethnо-tourism activities, and the benefits of developing ethnо-tourism in the region for representatives of the local community and the regional economy were discussed. The role of ethnо-tourism in the preservation and protection of the cultural heritage of local communities was emphasized. Furthermore, the functions and main resources for the development of ethnо-tourism were analyzed.

The article analyzes the resource potential of export opportunities of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It presents a study of agro-industrial exports over the last five years, highlights the main problems in this area and the measures taken by the state to solve them, and emphasizes the problems of non-tariff regulation of exports of agro-industrial products of Kazakhstan. The creation of accredited laboratories for examining agricultural products according to international standards is proposed as one of the directions for solving this problem. Purpose of the research is to study the export potential of the food industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan and to develop proposals to increase its share in the structure of the country's exports. Presented a study of exports of agro-industrial complex products of Kazakhstan for 2016-2020, identified the primary problems in this area of research, the steps of state support for their solution, described the issues of non-tariff regulation of exports of products of the country. One of the possible ways of solving this problem is the opening of accredited laboratories for the examination of agricultural products by international standards.  Results of the study: Based on the analysis of the expansion of the range of exports of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of consolidated commodity groups, the authors show that the highest concentration of exports is in the export of mineral products. In addition, stable diversification growth is observed in exporting agricultural products of both animal and plant origin. The need for certification of agricultural products through creating a network of laboratories that meet the requirements of international standards in the exporting countries is conditioned. 

Commuting nowadays is a worldwide trend. Due to the urban development, cities become larger creating agglomerations. It leads to broader human mobility. One of the other key thoughts about commuting is the positive impact of commuting flows on creating new workplaces (Russo et. al., 2011; Xiao et. al, 2021). First, vast commuting flows can make it easy to find appropriate candidates for job vacancies to be filled. Secondly, there is a demand for different goods and services in receiving areas created by commuters. Therefore, by means of local demand, new workplaces can be produced. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between commuting flows and the creation of new workplaces in Kazakhstan. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used in the paper. Secondary research is used to provide and compare existing models of commuting impact on the workplaces. Data on the workplaces created in Kazakhstan is collected via the Bureau of National Statistics of the RK. Descriptive statistical methods serve as a visual representation of the collected data. Finally, inferential statistics are used to find the relations between the commuting flows and the creation of new workplaces in Kazakhstan. This study can contribute to existing studies on commuting, especially to studies on urban development in Almaty since commuting is closely related to the urban topic.

President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s State of the Nation Address, September 1, 2020 “Kazakhstan in a new reality: time for action” he stressed the need and importance of а fair redistribution of national income, thereby developing а tax policy that is understandable to all citizens of the country. Digitization of the tax and customs sectors will significantly help fight against the "shadow economy" in all its manifestations. The new budget planning system should ensure national priorities and become a subordinate part of the national planning system. Conducting an audit of the effectiveness of tax and customs administration is one of the main areas of external state audit, thereby determining the relevance of the research topic. Given that the purpose of the public audit is to improve the efficiency of management and use of budgetary funds, assets of the state, and entities of the quasi-public sector, it became necessary to create a methodological framework for public audit that complies with the guidelines of the Lima Declaration and international audit standards. Additionally, as well as improve the legislative and methodological framework of the current system of public audits. The article deals with the issue of performance audit of tax and customs administration, as well as foreign experience in performance audit of tax and customs administration. To achieve these goals, the topic of the concept of tax and customs administration is disclosed. Another resolved issue is foreign experience in tax and customs administration performance audits. 

In Kazakhstan, there is an urgent need to develop depressed settlements, which have their own characteristics associated with the historically established heterogeneity of the location of industries and deep differentiation in terms of socio-economic potential. Urban agglomerations, city centers, regions with raw material extractive industries, whose products are in demand on the global market, have best adapted to a market economy. As a result, many settlements in Kazakhstan turned out to be, as a rule, less developed and competitive, and even worse socially vulnerable. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the structure and level of their development, revealed potential vulnerability issues, especially in small communities where there are no resources and materials to manage these consequences. The severity of these shocks will depend on the development of effective measures to address inequalities in strategically important communities. The main purpose of this article is to provide economic mechanisms to overcome the vulnerability of the economy and the social sphere of strategically important settlements in Kazakhstan. Estimated indicators in this study are based on the socio-economic indicator of Zhambyl, North Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan, Atyrau and Mangystau regions for 2009-2020. The results of this study show that there is a significant disparity between settlements in the regions of Kazakhstan in terms of such factors as the level and quality of life. Most of the regional problems faced by the most vulnerable communities are widespread and systemic. Socio-economic problems, lack of resources, low level of industrial production and lack of state support are the main reasons for the vulnerability and depression of the studied settlements.