Preview

Eurasian Journal of Economic and Business Studies

Advanced search

A Study of the Relationship Between Job Crafting and the Job Performance of Employees in Pakistan

https://doi.org/10.47703/ejebs.v3i65.102

Abstract

Job crafting is an important concept in the field of management. Employees often look for altering their tasks to achieve the desired results. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between job crafting and the job performance of employees through an explanatory role of work engagement. An employee dedicated to his job is open to practicing job crafing, and ultimately develops the task and contextual performance of the employee. This study is cross-sectional in nature and data was collected from IT sector specifically software houses employees from Pakistan using standard questionnaires. A total of 350 questionnaires was distributed electronically, and 300 valid questionnaire responses are used for data analysis purposes. A random sampling technique is adopted to collect data from software house employees. SPSS version 20 software was used for preliminary data analysis and Smart PLS 3 was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Results revealed that the relationship between job crafing and job performance is significant and work engagement partially mediates their relationship. A significant implication for practitioners here is that improvement in job performance of employees requires a bottom-up approach of JC in the organizations. Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) serves as a torch bearer in this study. 

 

About the Authors

Rida Akbar
PhD Scholar, UE Business School, University of Education, Lahore
Pakistan

PhD Scholar, UE Business School, Email: ridamughal040@gmail.com

 


Ahmad Usman
Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Pakistan

Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, Email: usman@ias.edu.pk

 


Rab Nawaz Lodhi
Associate Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Pakistan

Associate Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, Email: rabnawazlodhi@yahoo.com



Aamna Tariq Mukaran
PhD Scholar, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus
Pakistan

PhD Scholar, Email: aamna.tariq@iub.edu.pk

 


References

1. Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., & Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(1), 7-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-08-2014-0042

2. Asdaque, M. M., Rizvi, A. A., & Ahmad, M. (2018). Neglected and Common Areas of Educational Research in Pakistan: A Document Analysis. International Journal of Innovation in Teaching and Learning (IJITL), 4(1), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.35993/ijitl.v4i1.312

3. Bakker, A. B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement. Current directions in psychological science, 20(4), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534

4. Bakker, A. B. (2017). Strategic and proactive approaches to work engagement. Organizational Dynamics, 46(2), 67-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.04.002

5. Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. (2018). WE: current trends. Career Development International, 23(1), 4-11.

6. Bakker, A. B., & Bal, M. P. (2010). Weekly WE and performance: A study among starting teachers. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 83(1), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X402596

7. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of managerial psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115

8. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of WE. Career development international, 13(3), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476

9. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands–resources theory. Wellbeing: A complete reference guide, 1-28.

10. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273.

11. Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 20(1), 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352

12. Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Work engagement: Further reflections on the state of play. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.546711

13. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of occupational health psychology, 10(2), 170. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170

14. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD–R approach. Annual review of organizational psychology and organizational behavior, 1(1), 389-411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235

15. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands‐resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 43(1), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004

16. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., De Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of vocational behavior, 62(2), 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1

17. Bakker, A. B., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., & Sanz Vergel, A. I. (2016). Modelling JC behaviours: Implications for WE. Human relations, 69(1), 169-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715581690

18. Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). WE: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & stress, 22(3), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649

19. Bakker, A. B., Tims, M., & Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human relations, 65(10), 1359-1378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712453471

20. Bei, D., & Zhao, L. (2017). Employee's Initiative Behavior: JC and Its Management Revelation. DEStech Transactions on Computer Science and Engineering, International Conference on Information Technology and Industrial Automation (ICITIA 2017).

21. Belschak, F. D., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2010). Pro‐self, prosocial, and pro‐organizational foci of proactive behaviour: Differential antecedents and consequences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(2), 475-498. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X439208

22. Berg, J. M., Dutton, J. E., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2008). What is job crafting and why does it matter. Retrieved form the website of Positive Organizational Scholarship on April, 15, 2011.

23. Bhui, K. S., Dinos, S., Stansfeld, S. A., & White, P. D. (2012). A synthesis of the evidence for managing stress at work: a review of the reviews reporting on anxiety, depression, and absenteeism. Journal of environmental and public health, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/515874

24. Bozionelos, N., & Singh, S. K. (2017). The relationship of emotional intelligence with task and contextual performance: More than it meets the linear eye. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 206-211.

25. Chen, C. Y., Yen, C. H., & Tsai, F. C. (2014). JC and job engagement: The mediating role of person-job fit. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 37, 21-28.

26. Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). WE: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel psychology, 64(1), 89-136.

27. Demerouti, E. (2014). Design your own job through job crafting. European psychologist, 19(4), 237. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000188

28. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Gevers, J. M. (2015). JC and extra-role behavior: The role of WE and flourishing. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 87-96.

29. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Halbesleben, J. R. (2015). Productive and counterproductive JC: A daily diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(4), 457.

30. Demerouti, E., Cropanzano, R., Bakker, A., & Leiter, M. (2010). From thought to action: Employee work engagement and job performance. Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research, 65(1), 147-163.

31. Gómez, C. M. V., & Gundín, O. A. (2016). Engagement, burnout y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios y su relación con la prioridad en la elección de la carrera. Revista de Psicología y Educación, 11(1), 45-60.

32. Grant, A. M., & Parker, S. K. (2009). 7 redesigning work design theories: the rise of relational and proactive perspectives. The Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 317-375.

33. Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2005). How dentists cope with their job demands and stay engaged: The moderating role of job resources. European journal of oral sciences, 113(6), 479-487.

34. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135.

35. Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M. & Sinkovics, R.R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Sinkovics, R.R. and Ghauri, P.N. (Ed.) New Challenges to International Marketing (Advances in International Marketing, Vol. 20), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 277-319. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014

36. Khan, M., Tarif, A., & Zubair, D. S. S. (2016). Non-financial incentive system and organizational commitment: An empirical investigation. Pakistan Business Review (ISSN: 1561-8706), 18(1), 55-75.

37. Khan, M. A., Zubair, S. S., Rathore, K., Ijaz, M., Khalil, S., & Khalil, M. (2021). Impact of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions on performance of small enterprises: do entrepreneurial competencies matter?. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1943241.

38. Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 11(4), 1-10.

39. Kooij, D. T., van Woerkom, M., Wilkenloh, J., Dorenbosch, L., & Denissen, J. J. (2017). JC towards strengths and interests: The effects of a JC intervention on person–job fit and the role of age. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(6), 971.

40. Lăzăroiu, G. (2015). Work motivation and organizational behavior. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 7(2), 66-75.

41. LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor–hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of management journal, 48(5), 764-775.

42. Lu, C. Q., Wang, H. J., Lu, J. J., Du, D. Y., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Does WE increase person–job fit? The role of JC and job insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 142-152.

43. Maden-Eyiusta, C., & Alten, O. (2021). Expansion-oriented job crafting and employee performance: A self-empowerment perspective. European Management Journal.

44. Morgeson, F.P. & Humphrey, S.E. (2008). Job and team design: Toward a more integrative conceptualization of work design. Martocchio, J.J. (Ed.) Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 27), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 39-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(08)27002-7

45. Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of applied psychology, 91(3), 636.

46. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). JC in changing organizations: Antecedents and implications for exhaustion and performance. Journal of occupational health psychology, 20(4), 470.

47. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Crafting the change: The role of employee JC behaviors for successful organizational change. Journal of Management, 44(5), 1766-1792.

48. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hetland, J. (2012). Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to WE. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8), 1120-1141. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1783

49. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers, 36(4), 717-731.

50. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Assessing mediation in communication research (pp. 13-54). London: The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research.

51. Rammstedt, B., Danner, D., & Martin, S. (2016). The association between personality and cognitive ability: Going beyond simple effects. Journal of Research in Personality, 62, 39-44.

52. Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on JP. Academy of management journal, 53(3), 617-635. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.51468988

53. Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS. Retrieved July, 15, 2016.

54. Ro, H., & Chen, P. J. (2011). Empowerment in hospitality organizations: Customer orientation and organizational support. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(2), 422-428

55. Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(3), 293-315.

56. Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and measuring WE: Bringing clarity to the concept. WE: A handbook of essential theory and research, 12, 10-24.

57. Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of WE with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and psychological measurement, 66(4), 701-716.

58. Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M., & De Witte, H. (2019). An ultra-short measure for work engagement: the UWES-3 validation across five countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430

59. Siddiqi, M. A. (2015). JC of Service Employees and Performance: An Empirical Evidence of Linkages. Asian Journal of Management, 6(3), 149-158.

60. Siddiqi, M. A. (2015). WE and JC of service employees influencing customer outcomes. Vikalpa, 40(3), 277-292.

61. Tan, H. (2022). Influencing Factors and Intervention Strategies of Teachers' Work Engagement in Primary and Secondary Schools. Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management, 3(3), 14-17.

62. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the JC scale. Journal of vocational behavior, 80(1), 173-186.

63. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2013). The impact of JC on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of occupational health psychology, 18(2), 230.

64. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2015). JC and JP: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(6), 914-928.

65. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D., & Van Rhenen, W. (2013). JC at the team and individual level: Implications for WE and performance. Group & Organization Management, 38(4), 427-454.

66. Tims, M., Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2016). JC and its relationships with person–job fit and meaningfulness: A three-wave study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 92, 44-53.

67. Van Wingerden, J., Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2017). The impact of personal resources and JC interventions on WE and performance. Human Resource Management, 56(1), 51-67.

68. Vinzi, V. E., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (2010). Handbook of partial least squares (Vol. 201, No. 0). Berlin: Springer.

69. Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of management review, 26(2), 179-201.

70. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). WE and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 82(1), 183-200.

71. Zhang, C., & Liu, L. (2021). The effect of job crafting to job performance. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 19(2), 253-262.


Review

For citations:


Akbar R., Usman A., Lodhi R., Mukaran A. A Study of the Relationship Between Job Crafting and the Job Performance of Employees in Pakistan. Eurasian Journal of Economic and Business Studies. 2022;65(3):5–26. https://doi.org/10.47703/ejebs.v3i65.102

Views: 35

JATS XML


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 2789-8253 (Print)
ISSN 2789-8261 (Online)