Preview

Eurasian Journal of Economic and Business Studies

Advanced search

Assessment of the Global Experience of Strategies for Gender Asymmetry Reduction

https://doi.org/10.47703/ejebs.v68i1.342

Abstract

Gender asymmetry often denotes significant gender inequality, encompassing disparities in societal norms, cultural convictions, and historical legacies. This asymmetry results in an unequal distribution of opportunities, resources, and power between individuals of different genders, with one gender often enjoying certain privileges over the other. This article analyzes the effectiveness of implemented and tested strategies in reducing gender asymmetry, with a special focus on four countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Germany and Kazakhstan.  Special attention is paid to comparing approaches and results in different countries, which makes it possible to identify the most successful practices and general trends. Despite the implementation of various government policies and standards aimed at achieving equal pay for employees of all genders, women still tend to receive lower salaries compared to their male counterparts, even when they hold similar positions and perform similar job responsibilities. Through meticulous investigation and the application of statistical methodologies, it is attempted to gauge whether these strategies have contributed to a reduction in gender asymmetry, comparing the statistics from 2019 to 2023 for the outcomes’ evaluation. In conclusion, the article offers recommendations for the development and implementation of effective strategies that can be used by governments and organizations to further promote gender equality.

 

About the Authors

Anel Kireyeva
Institute of Economics Science Committee MSHE RK, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan

PhD, Associate Professor, Email: kireyeva.anel@ieconom.kz



Yerkezhan Kenzheali
University of International Business named after K.Sagadiyev, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Russian Federation

PhD student, Email: y.kenzheali@gmail.com



References

1. Aggestam, K. & Rosamond, A. (2019). Feminist foreign policy 3.0: advancing ethics and gender equality in global politics. Review of International Affairs, 39(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2019.003

2. Barker, K. & Jurasz, O. (2020). Online violence against women as an obstacle to gender equality a critical view from Europe. European Equality Law Review, 2020(1), 47-60. https://doi.org/10112.283833.2222/js111

3. Beauvoir, S. (1979). The second sex. New York, Vintage Books.

4. Bourguignon, R., & Coron, C. (2023). The micro-politics of collective bargaining: The case of gender equality. Human Relations, 76(3), 395-419. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267211052472

5. Breda, T., Jouini, E., Napp, C. & Thebault, G. (2020). Gender stereotypes can explain the gender-equality paradox. Social Sciences, 117(49), 31063-31069. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008704117

6. Buribayev, E. & Khamzina, Z. (2019). Gender equality in employment: the experience of Kazakhstan. The International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 19(2), 110-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/13582229119846794

7. Canetto, S. (2020). Teaching about women and gender from a transnational and intersectional feminist perspective. International Perspectives in Psychology, 8(3), 144-160. https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000111

8. Chang, E. & Milkman, K. (2020). Improving decisions that affect gender equality in the workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 49, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2019.03.002

9. Carli, L. (2020). Women, gender equality, and COVID-19. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35 (7/8), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2020-0236

10. Chung, H. & Lippe, T. (2020). Flexible working, work-life balance, and gender equality: introduction. Social Indicators Research, 161, 365-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x

11. Chung, H., Birkett, H., Forbes, S. & Seo, H. (2021). COVID-19, flexible working, and implications for gender equality in the United Kingdom. Sociologies for Women in Society, 35(2), 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432211001304

12. Cislaghi, B. & Heise, L. (2020). Gender norms and social norms: differences, similarities, and why they matter in prevention science. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42(2), 407-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13008

13. Cox-Han, L. & Heldman, C. (2023). Women, power, and politics: the fight for gender equality in the United States. New York, Oxford University Press.

14. Eagly, A. & Sczesny, S. (2019). Editorial: gender roles in the future? Theoretical foundations and future research directions. Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 1965. https://doi.org/10.3398/fp-syg.2019.01965

15. Eden, L. & Wagstaff, M. (2020). Evidence-based policymaking and the wicked problem of SDG5 gender equality. Journal of International Business Policy, 4, 28-57. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00054-w

16. Elomaki, A. & Johanna, K. (2020). European social partners as gender equality actors in EU social and economic governance. Journal of Common Market Studies, 1-32 https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13018

17. Engels, F. (1884). The origin of the family, private property, and the state. Middletown, Delawre, Dietz Verlag.

18. Evans, H. (2021). “Patchy patriarchy” and the shifting fortunes of the CCP’s promise of gender equality since 1921. The China Quarterly, 248, 95-115. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741021000709

19. England, P., Levine, A. & Mishel, E. (2020). Progress towards gender equality in the United States has slowed or stalled. Social Sciences, 117 (13), 6990-6997. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918891117

20. Fisher, A. & Ryan, M. (2021). Gender inequalities during COVID-19. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220984248

21. Foley, M. & Cooper, R. (2021). Workplace gender equality in the post-pandemic era: where to next? Journal of Industrial Relations, 63(4), 463-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021856211035173

22. International Labor Organization (2023). Statistics and databases. Available online: https://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/lang--en/index.htm (accessed on 30 October 2023)

23. Iversen, T., Rosenbluth, F. & Skorge, O. (2020). The dilemma of gender equality: how labor market regulations divide women by class. Daedalus, 149(1), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_01775

24. Khalifa, R. & Scarparo, S. (2021). Gender responsive budgeting: a tool for gender equality. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 79, 102183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2020.102183

25. Khamzina, Z., Buribayev, Y., Yermukanov, Y. & Alsurazova, A. (2020). It is possible to achieve gender equality in Kazakhstan: focus on employment and social protection. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20(1), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927904

26. Khelghat-Doost, H. & Sibly, S. (2020). The impact of patriarchy on women’s political participations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(3), 396-409. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i3/7058

27. King, T. L., Singh, A., & Milner, A. (2019). Associations Between Gender-Role Attitudes and Mental Health Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Sample of Australian Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(1), 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth

28. King, T., Hewitt, B., Crammond, B., Sutherland, G., Maheen, H. & Kavanagh, A. (2020). Reordering gender systems: can COVID-19 lead to improved gender equality and health? Lancet, 396(10244), 80-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31418-5

29. Leung, T., Sharma, P., Adithipyangkul, P. & Hosie, P. (2020). Gender equity and public health outcomes: the COVID-19 experience. Journal of Business Resolutions, 116, 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.busres.2020.05.031

30. Maltseva, E. (2021). Women’s Political Empowerment in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan. In: Karabchuk, T., Kumo, K., Gatskova, K., Skoglund, E. (eds) Gendering Post-Soviet Space. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9358-1_15

31. Niaz, M. & Iqbal. M. (2019). Effect of microfinance on women empowerment: a case study of Pakistan. Paradigms, 13(1), 52-59. https://doi.org/0.24312/1900061130109

32. Odera, J. & Mulusa, J. (2020). SDGs, gender equality, and women’s empowerment: what prospects for delivery? Sustainable Development Goals and Human Rights, 5, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30469-0_6

33. Playmbetov, N., Omarova, E., Nurgaliyeva, Y. & Kaltayeva, A. (2020). Principles of Kazakhstan labor law: overview and problem analysis. Journal of Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues, 23 (5), 1-4. https://doi.org/1544-0044-23-5-601

34. Ringblom, L. & Johansson, M. (2020). Who needs to be “more equal” and why? Doing gender equality in male-dominated industries. Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion, 39(4), 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-01-2019-0042

35. Ryskaliyev, D., Mirzaliyeva, A., Tursynbayeva, G., Muratova, E., Buribayev, Y. & Khamzina, Z. (2019). Gender inequality among employees in Kazakhstan, 319-332. Available online: https://tlq.ilaw.cas.cz/index.php/tlq/article/viewFile/370/364

36. Sen, G. (2019). Gender equality and women’s empowerment: feminist mobilization for the SDGs. Global Policy, 10(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12593

37. Silander, C., Haake, U., Lindberg, L. & Riis, U. (2022). Nordic research on gender equality in academic careers: a literature review. European Journal of Higher Education, 12(1), 72-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2021.1895858

38. Shriver, M., Glynn, S., Trent, T. (2023). Gender parity by 2030: closing the gender gap in the US workforce. International Economics, 2(22), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1081/27635263e2n9q.12

39. Tang, C. (2021). Innovative technology and operations for alleviating poverty through women’s economic empowerment. Available online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3748862 (accessed on 30 October 2023)

40. Tildesley, R., Lombardo, E. & Verge, T. (2022). Power struggles in the implementation of gender equality policies: the politics of resistance and counter-resistance in universities. Politics & Gender, 18, 879-910. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X21000167

41. United Nations Development Programme (2023). Results. Available online: https://www.undp.org/results (accessed on 30 October 2023)

42. World Bank (2023). Data. Available online:: https://data.worldbank.org (accessed on 30 October 2023)

43. World Economic Forum (2023). Global Gender Gap Review. Available online: https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2023/ (accessed on 30 October 2023)

44. Wuya, M. (2021). Gender and the imperative of women participation in governance: prospects and challenges. International Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences, Environmental Studies & Technology, 6(1), 14-31. https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijarssesst.v6.il.02

45. Wynn, A. (2020). Pathways towards change: ideologies and gender equality in a Silicon Valley technology company. Gender & Society, 32(1), 106-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243219876271


Review

For citations:


Kireyeva A., Kenzheali Ye. Assessment of the Global Experience of Strategies for Gender Asymmetry Reduction. Eurasian Journal of Economic and Business Studies. 2024;68(1):19–31. https://doi.org/10.47703/ejebs.v68i1.342

Views: 38

JATS XML


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 2789-8253 (Print)
ISSN 2789-8261 (Online)