ejebsEurasian Journal of Economic and Business StudiesНазвание журнала на русском2789-82532789-8261University of International Business named after K. Sagadiyev LLP10.47703/ejebs.v69i3.528ejebs-4Research ArticleСтатьиCompetency Mapping for Industry 4.0: An Empirical Study of Kazakhstan’s Entrepreneurial Sectorhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-8830SadenovaAssel

M. Sc. (Econ.), Senior Lecturer, Email: assadenova@edu.ektu.kz

assadenova@edu.ektu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-6290SuieubayevaSaltanat

Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Associate Professor, Email: ssuieubaeva@edu.ektu.kz

ssuieubaeva@edu.ektu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3381-4997KozlovaMarina

Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Associate Professor, Email: mkozlova@edu.ektu.kz

mkozlova@edu.ektu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-5059SłoniecJolanta

PhD. Dr. Sc., professor, Email: j.sloniec@pollub.pl

j.sloniec@pollub.plD.Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University» NJSC, Ust-Kamenogorsk, KazakhstanKazakhstanD. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan.KazakhstanLublin University of Technology, Department of Enterprise Organization, Lublin, Poland.Poland202530092025693Eurasian Journal of Economic and Business Studies18–34Copyright © Sadenova A., Suieubayeva S., Kozlova M., Słoniec J., 20252025Sadenova A., Suieubayeva S., Kozlova M., Słoniec J.Sadenova A., Suieubayeva S., Kozlova M., Słoniec J.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ejebs.uib.kz/jour/article/view/4

 

Human CapitalKnowledge EconomyIndustry 4.0Digital TransformationInnovative EconomyCompetence MapBusiness DevelopmentReferencesAbbritti, M., & Consolo, A. (2024). Labour market skills, endogenous productivity and business cycles. European Economic Review, 170, 104873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104873Abbritti, M., & Consolo, A. (2024). Labour market skills, endogenous productivity and business cycles. European Economic Review, 170, 104873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104873Akhavan, M., Alivirdi, M., Jamalpour, A., Kheradranjbar, M., Mafi, A., Jamalpour, R., & Ravanshadnia, M. (2025). Impact of Industry 5.0 on the Construction Industry (Construction 5.0): Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Buildings, 15(9), 1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091491Akhavan, M., Alivirdi, M., Jamalpour, A., Kheradranjbar, M., Mafi, A., Jamalpour, R., & Ravanshadnia, M. (2025). Impact of Industry 5.0 on the Construction Industry (Construction 5.0): Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Buildings, 15(9), 1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091491Alhloul, A., & Kiss, E. (2022). Industry 4.0 as a Challenge for the Skills and Competencies of the Labor Force: A Bibliometric Review and a Survey. Sci, 4(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/SCI4030034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sci4030034Alhloul, A., & Kiss, E. (2022). Industry 4.0 as a Challenge for the Skills and Competencies of the Labor Force: A Bibliometric Review and a Survey. Sci, 4(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/SCI4030034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sci4030034Andersson, J., & Molinder, J. (2025). Did cities increase skills during industrialization? Evidence from rural-urban migration. Journal of Urban Economics, 148, 103772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2025.103772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2025.103772Andersson, J., & Molinder, J. (2025). Did cities increase skills during industrialization? Evidence from rural-urban migration. Journal of Urban Economics, 148, 103772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2025.103772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2025.103772Badie, F., & Rostomyan, A. (2025). Competency Mapping as a Knowledge Driver in Modern Organisations. Knowledge, 5(3), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge5030013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge5030013Badie, F., & Rostomyan, A. (2025). Competency Mapping as a Knowledge Driver in Modern Organisations. Knowledge, 5(3), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge5030013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge5030013Bottasso, A., Bratti, M., Cardullo, G., Conti, M., & Sulis, G. (2025). Labor market regulations and firm adjustments in skill demand. Journal of Public Economics, 242, 105292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105292Bottasso, A., Bratti, M., Cardullo, G., Conti, M., & Sulis, G. (2025). Labor market regulations and firm adjustments in skill demand. Journal of Public Economics, 242, 105292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105292Bratić, M., Marić Stanković, A., Pavlović, D., Pivac, T., Kovačić, S., Surla, T., Čerović, S., & Zlatanov, S. (2025). New Era of Tourism: Innovative Transformation Through Industry 4.0 and Sustainability. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(9), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093841Bratić, M., Marić Stanković, A., Pavlović, D., Pivac, T., Kovačić, S., Surla, T., Čerović, S., & Zlatanov, S. (2025). New Era of Tourism: Innovative Transformation Through Industry 4.0 and Sustainability. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(9), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093841Bureau of National Statistics. (2024). Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved May 30, 2025 from https://stat.gov.kz/enBureau of National Statistics. (2024). Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved May 30, 2025 from https://stat.gov.kz/enBuyukyazici, D., & Quatraro, F. (2025). The skill requirements of the circular economy. Ecological Economics, 232, 108559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108559Buyukyazici, D., & Quatraro, F. (2025). The skill requirements of the circular economy. Ecological Economics, 232, 108559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108559Caroline, A., Coun, M. J. H., Gunawan, A., & Stoffers, J. (2024). A systematic literature review on digital literacy, employability, and innovative work behavior: emphasizing the contextual approaches in HRM research. Frontiers in Psychology, 15,1448555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1448555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1448555Caroline, A., Coun, M. J. H., Gunawan, A., & Stoffers, J. (2024). A systematic literature review on digital literacy, employability, and innovative work behavior: emphasizing the contextual approaches in HRM research. Frontiers in Psychology, 15,1448555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1448555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1448555Chahuán-Jiménez, K., Lara-Yergues, E., Garrido-Araya, D., Salum-Alvarado, E., Hurtado-Arenas, P., & Rubilar-Torrealba, R. (2025). Cluster analysis of digital competencies among professors in higher education. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1499856. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1499856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1499856Chahuán-Jiménez, K., Lara-Yergues, E., Garrido-Araya, D., Salum-Alvarado, E., Hurtado-Arenas, P., & Rubilar-Torrealba, R. (2025). Cluster analysis of digital competencies among professors in higher education. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1499856. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1499856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1499856Ciucu-Durnoi, A. N., Delcea, C., Stănescu, A., Teodorescu, C. A., & Vargas, V. M. (2024). Beyond Industry 4.0: Tracing the Path to Industry 5.0 through Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(12), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125251 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125251Ciucu-Durnoi, A. N., Delcea, C., Stănescu, A., Teodorescu, C. A., & Vargas, V. M. (2024). Beyond Industry 4.0: Tracing the Path to Industry 5.0 through Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(12), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125251 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125251Daly, M., Groes, F., & Jensen, M. F. (2025). Skill demand versus skill use: Comparing job posts with individual skill use on the job. Labour Economics, 92, 102661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102661Daly, M., Groes, F., & Jensen, M. F. (2025). Skill demand versus skill use: Comparing job posts with individual skill use on the job. Labour Economics, 92, 102661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102661Donaldson, C., Signes, Á. P., & Villagrasa, J. (2025). Is the road to high growth paved with intrapreneurial intention? The role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and digital skills on entrepreneurship intention types. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(2), 101174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101174Donaldson, C., Signes, Á. P., & Villagrasa, J. (2025). Is the road to high growth paved with intrapreneurial intention? The role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and digital skills on entrepreneurship intention types. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(2), 101174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101174Emad, G. R., Meadow, G., & Shahbakhsh, M. (2024). Human-Technology Coexistence in the Industry 4.0: The Role of Advanced Simulation Technology in Training. Proceedings of the International Conference on Maritime Autonomy and Remote Navigation 2023 (EPiC Series in Technology, 2, 16-19. https://doi.org/10.29007/2ktn DOI: https://doi.org/10.29007/2ktnEmad, G. R., Meadow, G., & Shahbakhsh, M. (2024). Human-Technology Coexistence in the Industry 4.0: The Role of Advanced Simulation Technology in Training. Proceedings of the International Conference on Maritime Autonomy and Remote Navigation 2023 (EPiC Series in Technology, 2, 16-19. https://doi.org/10.29007/2ktn DOI: https://doi.org/10.29007/2ktnFarias-Gaytan, S., Aguaded, I., & Ramirez-Montoya, M. S. (2023). Digital transformation and digital literacy in the context of complexity within higher education institutions: a systematic literature review. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10, 386. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01875-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01875-9Farias-Gaytan, S., Aguaded, I., & Ramirez-Montoya, M. S. (2023). Digital transformation and digital literacy in the context of complexity within higher education institutions: a systematic literature review. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10, 386. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01875-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01875-9Fernández-Luque, A. M., Ramírez-Montoya, M. S., & Cordón-García, J. A. (2021). Training in digital competencies for health professionals: Systematic mapping (2015-2019). Profesional de La Informacion, 30(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.13Fernández-Luque, A. M., Ramírez-Montoya, M. S., & Cordón-García, J. A. (2021). Training in digital competencies for health professionals: Systematic mapping (2015-2019). Profesional de La Informacion, 30(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.13Flores, E., Xu, X., & Lu, Y. (2020). Human Capital 4.0: a workforce competence typology for Industry 4.0. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 31(4), 687–703. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-08-2019-0309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-08-2019-0309Flores, E., Xu, X., & Lu, Y. (2020). Human Capital 4.0: a workforce competence typology for Industry 4.0. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 31(4), 687–703. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-08-2019-0309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-08-2019-0309Garcia-Lazaro, A., Mendez-Astudillo, J., Lattanzio, S., Larkin, C., & Newnes, L. (2025). The digital skill premium: Evidence from job vacancy data. Economics Letters, 250, 112294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112294Garcia-Lazaro, A., Mendez-Astudillo, J., Lattanzio, S., Larkin, C., & Newnes, L. (2025). The digital skill premium: Evidence from job vacancy data. Economics Letters, 250, 112294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112294Hartanti, I. Y., Irawan, D., & Juanda, A. (2024). The Role of Intellectual Capital and Core Competencies in Building Competitive Advantage in Higher Education. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 9(2), 478–496. https://doi.org/10.23887/jia.v9i2.81827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jia.v9i2.81827Hartanti, I. Y., Irawan, D., & Juanda, A. (2024). The Role of Intellectual Capital and Core Competencies in Building Competitive Advantage in Higher Education. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 9(2), 478–496. https://doi.org/10.23887/jia.v9i2.81827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jia.v9i2.81827Hecklau, F., Galeitzke, M., Flachs, S., & Kohl, H. (2016). Holistic Approach for Human Resource Management in Industry 4.0. Procedia CIRP, 54, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCIR.2016.05.102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.05.102Hecklau, F., Galeitzke, M., Flachs, S., & Kohl, H. (2016). Holistic Approach for Human Resource Management in Industry 4.0. Procedia CIRP, 54, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCIR.2016.05.102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.05.102Hensvik, L., & Skans, O. N. (2023). The skill-specific impact of past and projected occupational decline. Labour Economics, 81, 102326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102326Hensvik, L., & Skans, O. N. (2023). The skill-specific impact of past and projected occupational decline. Labour Economics, 81, 102326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102326Ikenga, G. U., & van der Sijde, P. (2024). Twenty-First Century Competencies; about Competencies for Industry 5.0 and the Opportunities for Emerging Economies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(16), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167166Ikenga, G. U., & van der Sijde, P. (2024). Twenty-First Century Competencies; about Competencies for Industry 5.0 and the Opportunities for Emerging Economies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(16), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167166Imjai, N., Chansamran, S., Sungthong, S., Usman, B., & Aujirapongpan, S. (2025). Developing employability digital competencies of Thai Gen Z business students: The role and matter of digital learning environments and digital adaptation skills. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(3), 101219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101219Imjai, N., Chansamran, S., Sungthong, S., Usman, B., & Aujirapongpan, S. (2025). Developing employability digital competencies of Thai Gen Z business students: The role and matter of digital learning environments and digital adaptation skills. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(3), 101219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101219Jiangmei, S., & Ghasemy, M. (2025). A holistic bibliometric review of teachers’ ICT competence research in higher education. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-06-2024-0311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-06-2024-0311Jiangmei, S., & Ghasemy, M. (2025). A holistic bibliometric review of teachers’ ICT competence research in higher education. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-06-2024-0311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-06-2024-0311Kartikasari, R., Suyoso, A. L. A., & Agustina, T. S. (2025). Literature Review of Transformational Leadership: A Study of Effective Leadership Strategy. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 5(1), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v5i1.744 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v5i1.744Kartikasari, R., Suyoso, A. L. A., & Agustina, T. S. (2025). Literature Review of Transformational Leadership: A Study of Effective Leadership Strategy. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 5(1), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v5i1.744 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v5i1.744Kaur, J., Madaan, G., Qazi, S., & Bhalla, P. (2023). An Explorative Factor Analysis of Competency Mapping for IT Professionals. Administrative Sciences, 13(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13040098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13040098Kaur, J., Madaan, G., Qazi, S., & Bhalla, P. (2023). An Explorative Factor Analysis of Competency Mapping for IT Professionals. Administrative Sciences, 13(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13040098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13040098Kawaguchi, D., & Toriyabe, T. (2022). Measurements of skill and skill-use using PIAAC. Labour Economics, 78, 102197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102197Kawaguchi, D., & Toriyabe, T. (2022). Measurements of skill and skill-use using PIAAC. Labour Economics, 78, 102197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102197Kowal, B., Włodarz, D., Brzychczy, E., & Klepka, A. (2022). Analysis of Employees’ Competencies in the Context of Industry 4.0. Energies, 15(19), 7142. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197142Kowal, B., Włodarz, D., Brzychczy, E., & Klepka, A. (2022). Analysis of Employees’ Competencies in the Context of Industry 4.0. Energies, 15(19), 7142. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197142Kumar, P., Pillai, R., Kumar, N., & Tabash, M. I. (2023). The interplay of skills, digital financial literacy, capability, and autonomy in financial decision making and well-being. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(1), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.09.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.09.012Kumar, P., Pillai, R., Kumar, N., & Tabash, M. I. (2023). The interplay of skills, digital financial literacy, capability, and autonomy in financial decision making and well-being. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(1), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.09.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.09.012Kusumastuti, A., & Nuryani, A. (2020). Digital Literacy Levels in ASEAN (Comparative Study on ASEAN Countries). Proceedings of the 13th International Interdisciplinary Studies Seminar, Malang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.23-10-2019.2293047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.23-10-2019.2293047Kusumastuti, A., & Nuryani, A. (2020). Digital Literacy Levels in ASEAN (Comparative Study on ASEAN Countries). Proceedings of the 13th International Interdisciplinary Studies Seminar, Malang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.23-10-2019.2293047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.23-10-2019.2293047Mach, L., & Ebersberger, B. (2024). Competences for a Great, Big, and Beautiful Tomorrow? Sustainability Competences Within Innovation Dedicated Further Education. In Innovation in Responsible Management Education (pp. 27–62). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83549-464-620241004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83549-464-620241004Mach, L., & Ebersberger, B. (2024). Competences for a Great, Big, and Beautiful Tomorrow? Sustainability Competences Within Innovation Dedicated Further Education. In Innovation in Responsible Management Education (pp. 27–62). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83549-464-620241004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83549-464-620241004Mäkelä, E., & Stephany, F. (2025). Complement or Substitute? How AI Increases the Demand for Human Skills. ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5153230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5153230Mäkelä, E., & Stephany, F. (2025). Complement or Substitute? How AI Increases the Demand for Human Skills. ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5153230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5153230Marlapudi, K., & Lenka, U. (2024). Unlocking the potential: redefining talent and competency mapping for Industry 4.0. Management Research Review, 47(11), 1805–1832. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-07-2023-0496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-07-2023-0496Marlapudi, K., & Lenka, U. (2024). Unlocking the potential: redefining talent and competency mapping for Industry 4.0. Management Research Review, 47(11), 1805–1832. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-07-2023-0496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-07-2023-0496Nugroho, D. A. (2025). Strategy of Human Resource Development in the Shipping and Logistics Sector to Face Industrial Era 4.0. Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(12), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.55324/enrichment.v2i12.325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55324/enrichment.v2i12.325Nugroho, D. A. (2025). Strategy of Human Resource Development in the Shipping and Logistics Sector to Face Industrial Era 4.0. Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(12), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.55324/enrichment.v2i12.325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55324/enrichment.v2i12.325Ogden, K., Kilpatrick, S., Elmer, S., & Rooney, K. (2021). Attributes and generic competencies required of doctors: findings from a participatory concept mapping study. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06519-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06519-9Ogden, K., Kilpatrick, S., Elmer, S., & Rooney, K. (2021). Attributes and generic competencies required of doctors: findings from a participatory concept mapping study. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06519-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06519-9Pelaez-Sanchez, I. C., Glasserman-Morales, L. D., & Rocha-Feregrino, G. (2024). Exploring digital competencies in higher education: design and validation of instruments for the era of Industry 5.0. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1415800. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1415800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1415800Pelaez-Sanchez, I. C., Glasserman-Morales, L. D., & Rocha-Feregrino, G. (2024). Exploring digital competencies in higher education: design and validation of instruments for the era of Industry 5.0. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1415800. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1415800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1415800Picinin, C. T., Pedroso, B., Arnold, M., Klafke, R. V., & Pinto, G. M. C. (2023). A Review of the Literature about Sustainability in the Work of the Future: An Overview of Industry 4.0 and Human Resources. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(16), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612564Picinin, C. T., Pedroso, B., Arnold, M., Klafke, R. V., & Pinto, G. M. C. (2023). A Review of the Literature about Sustainability in the Work of the Future: An Overview of Industry 4.0 and Human Resources. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(16), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612564Reis, D. A., Fleury, A. L., & Carvalho, M. M. (2021). Consolidating core entrepreneurial competences: toward a meta-competence framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(1), 179–204. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2020-0079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2020-0079Reis, D. A., Fleury, A. L., & Carvalho, M. M. (2021). Consolidating core entrepreneurial competences: toward a meta-competence framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(1), 179–204. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2020-0079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2020-0079Romero, M. (2024). Lifelong learning challenges in the era of artificial intelligence: a computational thinking perspective. ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.19837Romero, M. (2024). Lifelong learning challenges in the era of artificial intelligence: a computational thinking perspective. ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.19837Rouwendal, H. J., & Koster, S. (2025). Does it take extra skills to work in a large city? Regional Science and Urban Economics, 112, 104094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2025.104094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2025.104094Rouwendal, H. J., & Koster, S. (2025). Does it take extra skills to work in a large city? Regional Science and Urban Economics, 112, 104094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2025.104094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2025.104094Russo, G., Manzari, A., Cuozzo, B., Lardo, A., & Vicentini, F. (2023). Learning and knowledge transfer by humans and digital platforms: which tools best support the decision-making process? Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(11), 310–329. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-07-2022-0597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-07-2022-0597Russo, G., Manzari, A., Cuozzo, B., Lardo, A., & Vicentini, F. (2023). Learning and knowledge transfer by humans and digital platforms: which tools best support the decision-making process? Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(11), 310–329. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-07-2022-0597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-07-2022-0597Ruwanika, E. Q. F., & Massyn, L. (2024). A leadership competence framework for sustainable development in the manufacturing industry in a developing country context: the bicycle metaphor. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2364849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2364849Ruwanika, E. Q. F., & Massyn, L. (2024). A leadership competence framework for sustainable development in the manufacturing industry in a developing country context: the bicycle metaphor. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2364849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2364849Saeedikiya, M., Salunke, S., & Kowalkiewicz, M. (2024). Toward a dynamic capability perspective of digital transformation in SMEs: A study of the mobility sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 439, 140718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140718Saeedikiya, M., Salunke, S., & Kowalkiewicz, M. (2024). Toward a dynamic capability perspective of digital transformation in SMEs: A study of the mobility sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 439, 140718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140718Slavic, D., Marjanovic, U., Medic, N., Simeunovic, N., & Rakic, S. (2024). The Evaluation of Industry 5.0 Concepts: Social Network Analysis Approach. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031291Slavic, D., Marjanovic, U., Medic, N., Simeunovic, N., & Rakic, S. (2024). The Evaluation of Industry 5.0 Concepts: Social Network Analysis Approach. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031291Usabiaga, C., Núñez, F., Arendt, L., Gałecka-Burdziak, E., & Pater, R. (2022). Skill requirements and labour polarisation: An association analysis based on Polish online job offers. Economic Modelling, 115, 105963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105963Usabiaga, C., Núñez, F., Arendt, L., Gałecka-Burdziak, E., & Pater, R. (2022). Skill requirements and labour polarisation: An association analysis based on Polish online job offers. Economic Modelling, 115, 105963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105963Vaszkun, B., & Mihalkov Szakács, K. (2025). Looking for student success factors outside of the educators’ scope: The effect of digital literacy, personal skills, and learning habits and conditions on self-evaluated online learning effectiveness in management education. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(2), 101188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101188Vaszkun, B., & Mihalkov Szakács, K. (2025). Looking for student success factors outside of the educators’ scope: The effect of digital literacy, personal skills, and learning habits and conditions on self-evaluated online learning effectiveness in management education. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(2), 101188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101188Venn, R., Perez, P., & Vandenbussche, V. (2022). Competencies of Sustainability Professionals: An Empirical Study on Key Competencies for Sustainability. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094916Venn, R., Perez, P., & Vandenbussche, V. (2022). Competencies of Sustainability Professionals: An Empirical Study on Key Competencies for Sustainability. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094916WEF. (2025). The future of jobs report 2025. World Economic Forum. Retrieved May 30, 2025, from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025WEF. (2025). The future of jobs report 2025. World Economic Forum. Retrieved May 30, 2025, from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.