ejebsEurasian Journal of Economic and Business StudiesНазвание журнала на русском2789-82532789-8261University of International Business named after K. Sagadiyev LLP10.47703/ejebs.v2i60.52ejebs-167Research ArticleСтатьиThe Evolutionary Role of Higher Education in Sustainable Development: Pandemic 2020–2021DinzhanovaGulbakhytBianchiMassimoUniversity of International BusinessKazakhstanUniversity of BolognaItaly2021120520216023352Copyright © Dinzhanova G., Bianchi M., 20212021Dinzhanova G., Bianchi M.Dinzhanova G., Bianchi M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ejebs.uib.kz/jour/article/view/167

This article investigates the role of higher education in the economic development of the country. The research aims to investigate the theoretical and methodological basis of the role of higher education and human capital in economic growth, evaluate the current state of higher education within pandemic COVID-19, and develop scientifically and applied recommendations to strengthen capacity and improve the competitiveness of human capital in the developing countries.

An analysis of the existing researches and debates is made. We defined the state of higher education in Kazakhstan and considered the changes in education within the context of COVID-19. We made multiple correlations and regression analysis based on the education coverage index and GDP(mln KZT), where defined the moderate correlation between two variables. Statistical data is studied in a period from 2000 to 2019.

This paper contributes to the literature by fulfilling a theory of human capital development in the knowledge economy, revealing the relational mechanism between higher education, sustainable development, and the economic boundary of this relationship. It also contributes to the further understanding of the role of higher education in economic development. This study result implies to strengthen capacity and improve the competitiveness of human capital, draft human capital development policy.

SDGCOVID-19human capitalhigher educationReferencesAbilmanapova, L. (2019). BCG Kazakhstan report. VIII Eurasian forum of higher education leader. Nur-SultanAbilmanapova, L. (2019). BCG Kazakhstan report. VIII Eurasian forum of higher education leader. Nur-SultanBassanini A., Scarpetta S. (2002). Does human capital matter for growth in OECD countries? A pooled mean-group approach, Economics Letters, 74(3), 399-405Bassanini A., Scarpetta S. (2002). Does human capital matter for growth in OECD countries? A pooled mean-group approach, Economics Letters, 74(3), 399-405Becker G.S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to EducationBecker G.S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to EducationBecker, G. (1992). Human capital and the economy. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 136(1), 85–92.Becker, G. (1992). Human capital and the economy. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 136(1), 85–92.Bianchi M. (2019). "Beyond the structural modelling for the analysis of organizational performances in the resilience management" per pubbl. in Economia Aziendale on Line, www.ea.2000.it Special issue ISSN 2038-5498 Pavia 10(1) 2038-5498Bianchi M. (2019). "Beyond the structural modelling for the analysis of organizational performances in the resilience management" per pubbl. in Economia Aziendale on Line, www.ea.2000.it Special issue ISSN 2038-5498 Pavia 10(1) 2038-5498Bianchi M. (2016). Clustering and networking in SMEs development international projects. A managerial approach to push and pull intervention for enterprise creation and entrepreneurial parks initiatives” published in M. Bianchi, M. Baseska, S. Ngo Mai, L. Tampieri, J. Verges (Eds.) (2014), Beyond the horizon of Tempus projects. Theory and practice of project management, Il Ponte Vecchio ed., Cesena, pp.37-46. Cesena ISBN 978-88-6541-407-1Bianchi M. (2016). Clustering and networking in SMEs development international projects. A managerial approach to push and pull intervention for enterprise creation and entrepreneurial parks initiatives” published in M. Bianchi, M. Baseska, S. Ngo Mai, L. Tampieri, J. Verges (Eds.) (2014), Beyond the horizon of Tempus projects. Theory and practice of project management, Il Ponte Vecchio ed., Cesena, pp.37-46. Cesena ISBN 978-88-6541-407-1Bokayev B. , Torebekova Z., Davletbayeva, Zh. & Zhakypova, F.(2021). Distance learning in Kazakhstan: estimating parents’ satisfaction of educational quality during the coronavirus. Technology, Pedagogy and Education. DOI: 10.1080/1475939X.2020.1865192Bokayev B. , Torebekova Z., Davletbayeva, Zh. & Zhakypova, F.(2021). Distance learning in Kazakhstan: estimating parents’ satisfaction of educational quality during the coronavirus. Technology, Pedagogy and Education. DOI: 10.1080/1475939X.2020.1865192Deslandes-Martineau, M., Charland,P., Arvisais,O., Vinuesa V. (2002). Education and COVID-19: challenges and opportunities. Retrieve from 10/12/2020 https://en.ccunesco.ca/idealab/education-and-covid-19-challenges-and-opportunitiesDeslandes-Martineau, M., Charland,P., Arvisais,O., Vinuesa V. (2002). Education and COVID-19: challenges and opportunities. Retrieve from 10/12/2020 https://en.ccunesco.ca/idealab/education-and-covid-19-challenges-and-opportunitiesDublin, L. I.& Lotka, A. (1930). The Money Value of Man. New York: Ronald Press Co.Dublin, L. I.& Lotka, A. (1930). The Money Value of Man. New York: Ronald Press Co.Dynamics of basic socio-economic indicators (2020). Retrieved from November 28, 2020, https://stat.gov.kz/official/dynamicDynamics of basic socio-economic indicators (2020). Retrieved from November 28, 2020, https://stat.gov.kz/official/dynamicFisher, I. (1906). Nature of capital and income. New York. Macmillan.Fisher, I. (1906). Nature of capital and income. New York. Macmillan.Forsyth, C. H. (1914-15). Vital and Monetary Losses in the United States Due to Preventable Deaths. American Statis. Assoc. Publication, XIV 758-89.Forsyth, C. H. (1914-15). Vital and Monetary Losses in the United States Due to Preventable Deaths. American Statis. Assoc. Publication, XIV 758-89.Fuchs-Schündeln, N., Krueger, D., Ludwig A. & Popova I. (2020). The Long-Term Distributional and Welfare Effects of Covid-19 School Closures. NBERFuchs-Schündeln, N., Krueger, D., Ludwig A. & Popova I. (2020). The Long-Term Distributional and Welfare Effects of Covid-19 School Closures. NBERGautam, S., Hens, L. (2020). COVID-19: impact by and on the environment, health and economy. Environ Dev Sustain 22, 4953–4954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00818-7Gautam, S., Hens, L. (2020). COVID-19: impact by and on the environment, health and economy. Environ Dev Sustain 22, 4953–4954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00818-7How Will COVID-19 Really Impact International Students’ Enrolments in 2020 & 2021? An In-Depth Analysis of What is Affecting Students’ Decisions in 2020 & What The Future Holds for 2021 (2020). retrieved from 20/11/2020 https://universities.bridge-u.com/blog/resources/covid-report/How Will COVID-19 Really Impact International Students’ Enrolments in 2020 & 2021? An In-Depth Analysis of What is Affecting Students’ Decisions in 2020 & What The Future Holds for 2021 (2020). retrieved from 20/11/2020 https://universities.bridge-u.com/blog/resources/covid-report/Higher Educational Institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on 2019/2020 academic year. Series 22 Retrieved from 1.12.2020 from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/5Higher Educational Institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on 2019/2020 academic year. Series 22 Retrieved from 1.12.2020 from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/5InformBuro (2018). Opublikovan spisok obladatelej gosudarstvennyh grantov dlja postuplenija v vuzy Kazahstana. https://informburo.kz/novosti/opublikovan-spisok-obladateley-gosudarstvennyh-grantovdlya-postupleniya-v-vuzy-kazahstana.htmlInformBuro (2018). Opublikovan spisok obladatelej gosudarstvennyh grantov dlja postuplenija v vuzy Kazahstana. https://informburo.kz/novosti/opublikovan-spisok-obladateley-gosudarstvennyh-grantovdlya-postupleniya-v-vuzy-kazahstana.htmlIndependent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General (2019). Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: The Future is Now – Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, United Nations, New YorkIndependent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General (2019). Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: The Future is Now – Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, United Nations, New YorkMain indicators of science state and development (2020). retrieved from 10/12/2020 https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/24/statistic/7Main indicators of science state and development (2020). retrieved from 10/12/2020 https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/24/statistic/7Merkus, E., Schafmeister, F. (2021). The role of in-person tutorials in higher education. Economics Letters, Volume 201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109801.Merkus, E., Schafmeister, F. (2021). The role of in-person tutorials in higher education. Economics Letters, Volume 201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109801.Mincer, J.(1958). Investment in Human Capital and personal income distribution. The journal of political economy. LXVI, 281-302Mincer, J.(1958). Investment in Human Capital and personal income distribution. The journal of political economy. LXVI, 281-302Nafukho, F. M., Hairston, N. R., Brooks, K. (2004). Human capital theory: implications for human resource development. Human Resource Development International, 7:4, 545-551, DOI: 10.1080/1367886042000299843Nafukho, F. M., Hairston, N. R., Brooks, K. (2004). Human capital theory: implications for human resource development. Human Resource Development International, 7:4, 545-551, DOI: 10.1080/1367886042000299843Pereira V., Temouri Y., Patel C. (2020) Exploring the Role and Importance of Human Capital in Resilient High Performing Organisations: Evidence from Business Clusters, Applied Psychology, 69 (3), 769–804, doi: 10.1111/apps.12204Pereira V., Temouri Y., Patel C. (2020) Exploring the Role and Importance of Human Capital in Resilient High Performing Organisations: Evidence from Business Clusters, Applied Psychology, 69 (3), 769–804, doi: 10.1111/apps.12204Reich, R. (1991). Labor of Nations. Preparing for 21st-century capitalismReich, R. (1991). Labor of Nations. Preparing for 21st-century capitalismSchultz, T.W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. American Economic Review, 51, (1), 1-17Schultz, T.W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. American Economic Review, 51, (1), 1-17Science and innovation of Kazakhstan 2013-2017 (2018). Statistical bulletin. AstanaScience and innovation of Kazakhstan 2013-2017 (2018). Statistical bulletin. AstanaStatistika obrazovanija (n.d) chistyj kojefficient ohvata nachal'nym obrazovaniem (deti v vozraste 7-10 let).Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/7Statistika obrazovanija (n.d) chistyj kojefficient ohvata nachal'nym obrazovaniem (deti v vozraste 7-10 let).Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/7Statistika obrazovanija. (n.d). Valovyj kojefficient ohvata srednim obrazovaniem (deti v vozraste 7-10 let).Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/7Statistika obrazovanija. (n.d). Valovyj kojefficient ohvata srednim obrazovaniem (deti v vozraste 7-10 let).Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/7Statistika obrazovanija. (n.d). Kojefficient valovogo ohvata vysshim obrazovaniem (deti v vozraste 7-10 let).Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/7Statistika obrazovanija. (n.d). Kojefficient valovogo ohvata vysshim obrazovaniem (deti v vozraste 7-10 let).Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/7Staehle, H. (1943). Ability, Wages, and Income. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 25(1), 77. doi:10.2307/1924549Staehle, H. (1943). Ability, Wages, and Income. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 25(1), 77. doi:10.2307/1924549Tan, E. (2014). Human Capital Theory: A Holistic Criticism. Review of Educational ResearchTan, E. (2014). Human Capital Theory: A Holistic Criticism. Review of Educational ResearchTejedor, S., Cervi, L., Pérez-Escoda, A., Tusa, F., Parola, A. (2021). Higher education response in the time of coronavirus: Perceptions of teachers and students, and open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 1-15Tejedor, S., Cervi, L., Pérez-Escoda, A., Tusa, F., Parola, A. (2021). Higher education response in the time of coronavirus: Perceptions of teachers and students, and open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 1-15The dynamics of main indicators. (2020, February 4). Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://stat.gov.kz/The dynamics of main indicators. (2020, February 4). Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://stat.gov.kz/Thurow, l. C. (1996). The future of capitalismThurow, l. C. (1996). The future of capitalismTotal government expenditure on education. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-government-expenditure-on-education-gdp?tab=tableTotal government expenditure on education. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2020, from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-government-expenditure-on-education-gdp?tab=tableUnited Nation report (August. 2020). Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyondUnited Nation report (August. 2020). Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyondValero, A. &Van Reenen J. (2016). The economic impact of universities: evidence from across the globe. National bureau of economic researchValero, A. &Van Reenen J. (2016). The economic impact of universities: evidence from across the globe. National bureau of economic researchWorld Bank report (2020, May). The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on education financing. World Bank group education.World Bank report (2020, May). The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on education financing. World Bank group education.World Bank (2020). Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Fall 2020: COVID-19 and Human Capital. Washington. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34518World Bank (2020). Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Fall 2020: COVID-19 and Human Capital. Washington. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34518World Economic Forum (2016). There’s a link between the number of universities in a country and economic growth, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/theres-a-link-between-the-number-of-universities-in-acountry-and-economic-growth/World Economic Forum (2016). There’s a link between the number of universities in a country and economic growth, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/theres-a-link-between-the-number-of-universities-in-acountry-and-economic-growth/Vysshaja shkola ekonomiki (2011). Universitetskij duh neravenstva. Retrieved from 28/11/2020 https://www.hse.ru/news/science/27525356.htmVysshaja shkola ekonomiki (2011). Universitetskij duh neravenstva. Retrieved from 28/11/2020 https://www.hse.ru/news/science/27525356.htmKazahstan zanjal 45 mesto v rejtinge po kolichestvu pol'zovatelej interneta. Retreived from 28.10.2019 https://zonakz.net/2019/10/28/kazaxstan-zanyal-45-mesto-v-rejtinge-po-kolichestvu-polzovatelej-interneta/Kazahstan zanjal 45 mesto v rejtinge po kolichestvu pol'zovatelej interneta. Retreived from 28.10.2019 https://zonakz.net/2019/10/28/kazaxstan-zanyal-45-mesto-v-rejtinge-po-kolichestvu-polzovatelej-interneta/President offered to reduce the quantity of HEIs in Kazakhstan [Interview by 1125943332 849392661 T. Vaal]. (2018, April). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://vlast.kz/novosti/27601-sokratit-kolicestvo-vuzov-v-kazahstane-predlozil-prezident.htmlPresident offered to reduce the quantity of HEIs in Kazakhstan [Interview by 1125943332 849392661 T. Vaal]. (2018, April). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://vlast.kz/novosti/27601-sokratit-kolicestvo-vuzov-v-kazahstane-predlozil-prezident.html

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.